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<TITLE>PIF PROCESS, Plasma Impact Fusion, Nuclear Fusion </TITLE>਍㰀⼀䠀䔀䄀䐀㸀ഀഀ
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</P>਍㰀䈀刀 䌀䰀䔀䄀刀㴀∀愀氀氀∀㸀ഀഀ
਍㰀䘀伀一吀 䌀伀䰀伀刀㴀∀⌀䌀䌀　　　　∀ 䘀䄀䌀䔀㴀∀嘀攀爀搀愀渀愀Ⰰ 䄀爀椀愀氀Ⰰ 䠀攀氀瘀攀琀椀挀愀∀㸀ഀഀ
਍㰀䠀㄀㸀堀夀䰀䔀一䔀 倀伀圀䔀刀 䰀吀䐀⸀㰀⼀䠀㄀㸀ഀഀ
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਍㰀䘀伀一吀 䘀䄀䌀䔀㴀∀嘀攀爀搀愀渀愀Ⰰ 䄀爀椀愀氀Ⰰ 䠀攀氀瘀攀琀椀挀愀∀㸀ഀഀ
<H2>PIF PROCESS</H2>਍㰀䠀㌀㸀伀嘀䔀刀嘀䤀䔀圀㰀⼀䠀㌀㸀ഀഀ
<H4>By Charles Rhodes, P.Eng., Ph.D.</H4>਍㰀⼀䘀伀一吀㸀ഀഀ
਍㰀䘀伀一吀 匀䤀娀䔀㴀∀㈀∀ 䘀䄀䌀䔀㴀∀嘀攀爀搀愀渀愀Ⰰ 䄀爀椀愀氀Ⰰ 䠀攀氀瘀攀琀椀挀愀∀㸀ഀഀ
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<P><B>INTRODUCTION:</B><BR>਍吀栀椀猀 眀攀戀 瀀愀最攀 瀀爀漀瘀椀搀攀猀 愀 猀琀攀瀀 戀礀 猀琀攀瀀 漀瘀攀爀瘀椀攀眀 漀昀 琀栀攀 㰀䈀㸀倀䤀䘀㰀⼀䈀㸀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀⸀   伀琀栀攀爀 愀猀猀漀挀椀愀琀攀搀 眀攀戀 瀀愀最攀猀 昀漀挀甀猀 漀渀 猀瀀攀挀椀昀椀挀 瀀愀爀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 㰀䈀㸀倀䤀䘀㰀⼀䈀㸀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀 愀渀搀 爀攀氀愀琀攀搀 琀栀攀漀爀礀⸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
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<P><B>SPHEROMAKS:</B><BR>਍吀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 愀 猀攀洀椀ⴀ猀琀愀戀氀攀 瀀氀愀猀洀愀 挀漀渀昀椀最甀爀愀琀椀漀渀 琀栀愀琀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀猀 瀀漀琀攀渀琀椀愀氀 攀渀攀爀最礀 椀渀 琀栀攀 昀漀爀洀 漀昀 猀琀爀漀渀最 攀氀攀挀琀爀椀挀 愀渀搀 洀愀最渀攀琀椀挀 昀椀攀氀搀猀⸀  吀栀椀猀 瀀氀愀猀洀愀 挀漀渀昀椀最甀爀愀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 瘀愀爀椀漀甀猀氀礀 爀攀昀攀爀爀攀搀 琀漀 戀礀 瀀栀礀猀椀挀椀猀琀猀 愀猀 愀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀Ⰰ 愀 琀漀爀漀椀搀愀氀 瀀氀愀猀洀愀Ⰰ 愀 挀漀洀瀀愀挀琀 琀漀爀漀椀搀 漀爀 愀渀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀 猀瀀椀爀愀氀 琀漀爀漀椀搀⸀  伀渀 琀栀椀猀 眀攀戀 猀椀琀攀 琀栀椀猀 猀攀洀椀ⴀ猀琀愀戀氀攀 瀀氀愀猀洀愀 挀漀渀昀椀最甀爀愀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 爀攀昀攀爀爀攀搀 琀漀 愀猀 愀 ∀猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀∀⸀  唀渀搀攀爀猀琀愀渀搀椀渀最 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀猀 椀猀 欀攀礀 琀漀 甀渀搀攀爀猀琀愀渀搀椀渀最 琀栀攀 倀䤀䘀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀 昀漀爀 愀挀栀椀攀瘀椀渀最 琀栀攀爀洀愀氀 渀甀挀氀攀愀爀 昀甀猀椀漀渀⸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
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਍㰀倀㸀㰀䈀㸀匀倀䠀䔀刀伀䴀䄀䬀 䐀䔀匀䌀刀䤀倀吀䤀伀一㨀㰀⼀䈀㸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
With suitable equipment spheromaks can be produced in a laboratory.  Shown below is a photographic image of a spheromak published by General Fusion Inc.</P>਍ഀഀ
<P><IMG Align="left" SRC="plasma_toroid_2.png"><BR CLEAR="all"></P>਍ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀㰀䄀 䠀刀䔀䘀㴀∀䜀䘀 匀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀猀⸀栀琀洀∀㸀 倀䰀䄀匀䴀䄀 匀倀䠀䔀刀伀䴀䄀䬀匀㰀⼀䄀㸀 愀爀攀 搀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀搀 椀渀 搀攀琀愀椀氀 漀渀 愀渀 愀挀挀漀洀瀀愀渀礀椀渀最 眀攀戀 瀀愀最攀⸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
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਍㰀倀㸀㰀䈀㸀匀倀䠀䔀刀伀䴀䄀䬀 倀刀伀倀䔀刀吀䤀䔀匀㨀㰀⼀䈀㸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
A spheromak with a particular net charge and a particular physical size has a characteristic total energy <B>Et</B>.  Linear compression of a spheromak while holding its net charge <B>Qs</B> constant increases its total energy <B>Et</B>.</P>਍ഀഀ
<P>The total spheromak energy <B>Et</B> is primarily composed of electric field energy and magnetic field energy components. The electric field components arise from the spheromak's net charge distribution.  The magnetic field components arise from the spiral motion of circulating ions and free electrons.</P>਍ഀഀ
<P>For a particular spheromak with net charge <B>Qs</B>, total field energy <B>Et</B> and a number of free electrons <B>Ne</B> there is an electron velocity <B>Ve</B> and hence an electron kinetic energy <B>Eke</B> that results in a physically stable spheromak that can be linearly compressed. There is a tradeoff between toroidal and poloidal electron motion and hence toroidal and polodial magnetic field energy components that affects spheromak shape.</P> ਍ഀഀ
<P>A spheromak exhibits a lifetime <B>Ts</B> after which it randomizes.  This author believes that the spheromak lifetime <B>Ts</B> is primarily governed by impact ionization of neutral gas molecules by energetic spheromak free electrons and by electron emission from the enclosure walls.</P>਍ഀഀ
<P>Two suitably sized and magnetically oriented spheromaks can merge to form a slightly more stable plasma with a mainly poloidal magnetic field.  This merged plasma is known as a Field Reversed Configuration (FRC).<BR>਍☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
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<P><B>SUMMARY OF PLASMA IMPACT FUSION (PIF) PROCESS PARAMETERS:</B><BR>਍吀栀攀漀爀攀琀椀挀愀氀 洀愀砀椀洀甀洀 昀甀猀椀漀渀 攀渀攀爀最礀 ⼀ 瀀甀氀猀攀 㴀 ㄀㈀　　 䴀䨀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<B>Nd = 4.258 X 10^20</B> = number of deuterium ions;<BR>਍㰀䈀㸀一琀 㴀 㐀⸀㈀㔀㠀 堀 ㄀　帀㈀　㰀⼀䈀㸀 㴀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 琀爀椀琀椀甀洀 椀漀渀猀㬀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<B>Ric = 2.0 m</B> = inside radius of gun muzzles;<BR>਍㰀䈀㸀刀椀搀 㴀 ㄀⸀㐀㔀 洀㰀⼀䈀㸀 㴀 椀渀椀琀椀愀氀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 猀栀攀氀氀 椀渀猀椀搀攀 爀愀搀椀甀猀㬀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<B>(Rod - Rid) = 5.168 mm</B> = initial liquid lead shell wall thickness;<BR>਍㰀䈀㸀刀椀攀 縀 ㄀⸀㄀ 洀㰀⼀䈀㸀 㴀 刀椀 瘀愀氀甀攀 愀琀 眀栀椀挀栀 昀甀攀氀 椀渀樀攀挀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀琀攀㬀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<B>Rif= 1.0 m</B> = Ri value at which plasma must have reached <B>Eke = Ekd = Ekt</B>;<BR>਍㰀䈀㸀䔀欀氀搀 㴀 㘀㔀⸀㔀 䴀䨀㰀⼀䈀㸀 㴀 椀渀椀琀椀愀氀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 欀椀渀攀琀椀挀 攀渀攀爀最礀㬀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<B>Ekdf = 3.5 eV</B> = deuterium ion kinetic energy at Ri = Rif;<BR>਍㰀䈀㸀䔀欀搀 㴀 䔀欀琀 㴀 䔀欀攀㰀⼀䈀㸀 㴀 攀焀甀愀氀 瀀氀愀猀洀愀 攀渀攀爀最礀 搀椀猀琀爀椀戀甀琀椀漀渀 漀瘀攀爀 瀀愀爀琀椀挀氀攀猀 昀漀爀 刀椀 㰀 刀椀昀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<B>Ts = 2.0 ms</B> = minimum spheromak lifetime<BR>਍㰀䈀㸀⠀ⴀ 搀刀椀 ⼀ 搀吀⤀簀刀椀搀 㴀 ㌀　　 洀 ⼀ 猀㰀⼀䈀㸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<B>Allowance for spheromak energy loss = 50%;</B><BR>਍㰀䈀㸀匀瀀栀攀爀椀挀愀氀 瀀爀攀猀猀甀爀攀 瘀攀猀猀攀氀 䤀䐀 㴀 㐀⸀㐀 洀㰀⼀䈀㸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<B>Spherical Pressure vessel wall thickness = .22 m</B><BR>਍㰀䈀㸀䜀甀渀 䈀愀爀爀攀氀 伀䐀 㴀 ㄀㘀 椀渀挀栀攀猀 㴀 　⸀㐀　㘀㐀 洀㰀⼀䈀㸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<B>Gun Barrel ID = 14.688 inches = 0.3731 m</B><BR>਍㰀䈀㸀䜀甀渀 䰀攀渀最琀栀 㴀 㘀⸀　 洀㰀⼀䈀㸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<B>Spheromak Injection tube length downstream from isolation valve ~ 3 m</B><BR>਍㰀䈀㸀匀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀 䤀渀樀攀挀琀椀漀渀 琀甀戀攀 眀愀氀氀 琀栀椀挀欀渀攀猀猀 縀 ㄀⸀　 椀渀挀栀 縀　⸀　㈀㔀㐀 洀㰀⼀䈀㸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<B>Spheromak Injection tube ID = 0.60 m</B><BR>਍㰀䈀㸀匀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀 最攀渀攀爀愀琀漀爀 䤀䐀 㴀 ㌀⸀　 洀㰀⼀䈀㸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
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<P><B>CALCULATED PARAMETERS:</B><BR>਍䰀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 猀氀甀最 氀攀渀最琀栀 愀琀 刀椀搀 椀猀㨀 㰀䈀㸀㔀⸀㈀ 洀洀㰀⼀䈀㸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
Liquid lead slug equivalent diameter at Rid is: <B>16.71  mm</B><BR>਍☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
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਍㰀倀㸀㰀䈀㸀倀䰀䄀匀䴀䄀 䤀䴀倀䄀䌀吀 䘀唀匀䤀伀一 ⠀倀䤀䘀⤀ 伀倀䔀刀䄀吀䤀一䜀 匀䔀儀唀䔀一䌀䔀㨀㰀⼀䈀㸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
In order for Plasma Impact Fusion to work the following sequence of events must occur:</P>਍ഀഀ
<P>1) Synchronize the real time clocks of the large number of microcontrollers that are used for controlling functions such as spheromak generation, spheromak compression, injection port closure, deuterium gas injection, spherical radial compression and energy recovery.  Most of these microcontrollers are used to precisely control  the liquid lead flywheel guns that are used to form the <B>2.9 m</B> inside diameter liquid lead spherical shell with radially converging walls.</P>਍ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀㈀⤀ 䄀 搀攀瘀椀挀攀 欀渀漀眀渀 愀猀 愀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀 最攀渀攀爀愀琀漀爀Ⰰ 氀漀挀愀琀攀搀 愀琀 琀栀攀 甀瀀猀琀爀攀愀洀 攀渀搀 漀昀 愀 挀漀渀椀挀愀氀 攀瘀愀挀甀愀琀攀搀 攀渀挀氀漀猀甀爀攀 欀渀漀眀渀 愀猀 愀 瀀氀愀猀洀愀 椀渀樀攀挀琀漀爀Ⰰ 椀猀 昀攀搀 愀 挀漀渀琀爀漀氀氀攀搀 焀甀愀渀琀椀琀礀 漀昀 搀攀甀琀攀爀椀甀洀 最愀猀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀猀 愀琀 愀 挀漀渀琀爀漀氀氀攀搀 爀愀琀攀⸀  吀栀攀 焀甀愀渀琀椀琀礀 漀昀 椀渀樀攀挀琀攀搀 搀攀甀琀攀爀椀甀洀 椀猀 挀愀爀攀昀甀氀氀礀 爀攀最甀氀愀琀攀搀 琀漀 瀀爀攀瘀攀渀琀 攀椀琀栀攀爀 琀漀漀 洀甀挀栀 搀攀甀琀攀爀椀甀洀 漀爀 琀漀漀 氀椀琀琀氀攀 搀攀甀琀攀爀椀甀洀 戀攀椀渀最 椀渀樀攀挀琀攀搀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 瘀愀挀甀甀洀 挀栀愀洀戀攀爀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀㌀⤀ 䔀愀挀栀 㰀䈀㸀倀䤀䘀㰀⼀䈀㸀 瀀氀愀猀洀愀 椀渀樀攀挀琀漀爀 栀愀猀 愀 㰀䈀㸀㌀⸀　 洀㰀⼀䈀㸀 椀渀猀椀搀攀 搀椀愀洀攀琀攀爀 愀琀 椀琀猀 甀瀀猀琀爀攀愀洀 攀渀搀 愀渀搀 椀猀 㰀䈀㸀　⸀㘀　 洀㰀⼀䈀㸀 椀渀猀椀搀攀 搀椀愀洀攀琀攀爀 愀琀 椀琀猀 搀漀眀渀猀琀爀攀愀洀 攀渀搀㬀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀㐀⤀ 䄀 猀攀洀椀ⴀ猀琀愀戀氀攀 挀漀渀昀椀渀攀搀 搀攀甀琀攀爀椀甀洀 椀漀渀 瀀氀愀猀洀愀Ⰰ 欀渀漀眀渀 愀猀 愀 㰀䄀 䠀刀䔀䘀㴀∀䜀䘀 匀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀猀⸀栀琀洀∀㸀猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀㰀⼀䄀㸀Ⰰ 椀猀 昀漀爀洀攀搀⸀  吀栀椀猀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀猀 愀戀漀甀琀 㰀䈀㸀㌀　 攀嘀㰀⼀䈀㸀 欀椀渀攀琀椀挀 攀渀攀爀最礀 昀爀攀攀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀猀Ⰰ 栀愀猀 愀渀 攀焀甀愀琀漀爀椀愀氀 搀椀愀洀攀琀攀爀 漀昀 㰀䈀㸀㄀⸀㄀　㐀 洀㰀⼀䈀㸀 愀渀搀 栀愀猀 愀 昀椀攀氀搀 攀渀攀爀最礀 漀昀 愀戀漀甀琀 㰀䈀㸀㘀　　 䨀㰀⼀䈀㸀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀㔀⤀ 䄀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀猀 愀渀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀 瀀漀琀攀渀琀椀愀氀 攀渀攀爀最礀 眀攀氀氀 琀爀愀瀀瀀攀搀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 瀀漀氀漀椀搀愀氀 愀渀搀 琀漀爀漀椀搀愀氀 洀愀最渀攀琀椀挀 昀椀攀氀搀猀 愀渀搀 挀礀氀椀渀搀爀椀挀愀氀 愀渀搀 猀瀀栀攀爀椀挀愀氀 爀愀搀椀愀氀 攀氀攀挀琀爀椀挀 昀椀攀氀搀猀⸀ 䄀琀 愀 昀爀攀攀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀 欀椀渀攀琀椀挀 攀渀攀爀最礀 漀昀 㰀䈀㸀㌀　 攀嘀㰀⼀䈀㸀 琀栀攀 昀爀攀攀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀猀 愀爀攀 愀戀氀攀 琀漀 椀洀瀀愀挀琀 椀漀渀椀稀攀 渀攀甀琀爀愀氀 搀攀甀琀攀爀椀甀洀 最愀猀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀猀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀㘀⤀ 䄀猀 氀漀渀最 愀猀 琀栀攀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀 椀猀 愀琀琀愀挀栀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀 最攀渀攀爀愀琀漀爀 琀栀攀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀 最攀渀攀爀愀琀漀爀 猀攀琀猀 琀栀攀 瘀愀氀甀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀✀猀 攀焀甀愀琀漀爀椀愀氀 瀀氀愀猀洀愀 猀栀攀攀琀 瘀漀氀琀愀最攀 眀椀琀栀 爀攀猀瀀攀挀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 攀渀挀氀漀猀甀爀攀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 瘀漀氀琀愀最攀 琀漀最攀琀栀攀爀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 攀渀挀氀漀猀甀爀攀 爀愀搀椀甀猀 搀攀琀攀爀洀椀渀攀猀 琀栀攀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀✀猀 攀砀琀攀爀渀愀氀 爀愀搀椀愀氀 攀氀攀挀琀爀椀挀 昀椀攀氀搀⸀   吀栀椀猀 攀砀琀攀爀渀愀氀 爀愀搀椀愀氀 攀氀攀挀琀爀椀挀 昀椀攀氀搀 瘀愀氀甀攀 琀漀最攀琀栀攀爀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 攀渀挀氀漀猀甀爀攀 爀愀搀椀甀猀 㰀䈀㸀刀挀㰀⼀䈀㸀 猀攀琀猀 琀栀攀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀✀猀 渀攀琀 挀栀愀爀最攀 㰀䈀㸀儀猀㰀⼀䈀㸀 眀栀椀挀栀 椀渀 琀甀爀渀 猀攀琀猀 琀栀攀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀✀猀 椀渀琀攀爀渀愀氀 洀愀最渀攀琀椀挀 昀椀攀氀搀 攀渀攀爀最礀⸀  吀栀攀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀搀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀 欀椀渀攀琀椀挀 攀渀攀爀最礀 椀渀搀椀爀攀挀琀氀礀 搀攀琀攀爀洀椀渀攀猀 琀栀攀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 昀爀攀攀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀猀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
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7) The <B>PIF</B> process starts by formation of two spheromaks in separate <B>3.0 m</B> inside diameter cylindrical vacuum chambers.  Each uncompressed spheromak has a total field energy of about:<BR>਍ 㰀䈀㸀䔀琀琀愀 㴀 㘀　　 䨀㰀⼀䈀㸀Ⰰ㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
and has an equatorial diameter of:<BR>਍㰀䈀㸀㈀ 刀猀愀 㴀 ㌀⸀　 洀 ⼀ ㈀⸀㜀㄀㠀㈀㠀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
 = 1.104 m</B><BR>਍ 愀渀搀 栀愀猀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 昀爀攀攀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀猀㨀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<B>Nea = 3.0 X 10^16 free electrons</B><BR>਍攀愀挀栀 眀椀琀栀 愀 欀椀渀攀琀椀挀 攀渀攀爀最礀 漀昀 愀戀漀甀琀㨀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
 <B>Ekea = 30.0 eV</B>.<BR>਍吀栀椀猀 昀爀攀攀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀 欀椀渀攀琀椀挀 攀渀攀爀最礀 椀猀 愀戀漀瘀攀 琀栀攀 椀洀瀀愀挀琀 椀漀渀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀 琀栀爀攀猀栀漀氀搀 昀漀爀 搀攀甀琀攀爀椀甀洀 愀渀搀 栀攀渀挀攀 眀椀氀氀 挀愀甀猀攀 琀栀攀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀 琀漀 愀戀猀漀爀戀 愀氀氀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 搀攀甀琀攀爀椀甀洀 愀琀漀洀猀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
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<P>8) At this point in the <B>PIF</B> process it is assumed for calculation purposes that the spheromak equatorial radius <B>Rsa</B> at the upstream end of the plasma injector is given by:<BR>਍ 㰀䈀㸀刀猀愀 㴀 　⸀㔀㔀　 洀㰀⼀䈀㸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
 and the local plasma injector inside radius is:<BR>਍ 㰀䈀㸀刀眀愀 㴀 ㄀⸀㔀　 洀㰀⼀䈀㸀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀㤀⤀ 䈀攀昀漀爀攀 挀漀洀瀀爀攀猀猀椀漀渀 琀栀攀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀 猀栀漀甀氀搀 栀愀瘀攀 愀 昀爀攀攀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀 欀椀渀攀琀椀挀 攀渀攀爀最礀 漀昀 㰀䈀㸀㌀　⸀　 攀嘀㰀⼀䈀㸀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
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<P>10) The spheromak is forced through the conical plasma injector by the axial electric field, which reduces the spheromak's linear size.  This process is analogous to adiabatic mechanical compression of a gas in an engine and hence is termed "spheromak compression".</P> ਍ഀഀ
<P>11) The plasma injector consists of a long cone that reduces the spheromak's equatorial radius <B>Rs</B> about <B>5X</B> while keeping the spheromak net charge <B>Qs</B> constant. As the spheromak's equatorial radius <B>Rs</B> decreases <B>5X</B> its overall length <B>(2 Hf)</B> also decreases <B>5X</B>, its axial magnetic field <B>Bpc</B> increases about <B>25X</B>, its total magnetic field energy <B>(Emp + Emt)</B> increases <B>5X</B>, and its free electron kinetic energy <B>Eke</B> increases about <B>25X</B>. These spheromak parameter changes enable compressed spheromak injection into the spherical pressure vessel for heating injected deuterium gas and permit rapid injection port closure.</P>਍ഀഀ
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<P>12) Immediately after this linear spheromak compression the free electron kinetic energy in the spheromak core is about:<BR>਍ 㰀䈀㸀㈀㔀 堀 ㌀　⸀　 攀嘀 㴀 㜀㔀　 攀嘀㰀⼀䈀㸀⸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
This free electron kinetic energy is sufficient to cause impact ionization of any neutral gas molecule in this electron's path.</P>਍ഀഀ
<P>13) The compressed spheromak magnetic field energy is:<BR>਍㰀䈀㸀㔀 堀 ㌀　　 䨀 㴀 ㄀㔀　　 䨀㰀⼀䈀㸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
and the compressed spheromak's electric field energy is:<BR>਍㰀䈀㸀㔀 堀 ㌀　　 䨀 㴀 ㄀㔀　　 䨀㰀⼀䈀㸀㰀⼀䈀㸀ഀഀ
giving a total compressed spheromak field energy of:<BR>਍㰀䈀㸀㄀㔀　　 䨀 ⬀ ㄀㔀　　 䨀 㴀 ㌀　　　 䨀㰀⼀䈀㸀㰀⼀倀㸀 ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀㄀㐀⤀  䄀昀琀攀爀 挀漀洀瀀爀攀猀猀椀漀渀 琀栀攀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀 栀愀猀ഀഀ
an equitorial diameter of:<BR>਍㰀䈀㸀㈀ 刀猀戀 㴀 ㄀⸀㄀　㐀 洀 ⼀ 㔀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
= .221 m</B>,<BR>਍愀渀搀 栀愀猀㨀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<B>Neb = 6.0 X 10^15 free electrons</B></P>਍ഀഀ
<P>15) Spheromak compression reduces the number of free electrons and ions in a spheromak. The spheromak compression causes electron-ion pair recombination of spheromak component particles which increases the number of neutral molecules sharing the same vacuum chamber as the spheromak. The resulting neutral gas molecule concentration must be sufficiently small to meet the compressed spheromak lifetime constraints.</P> ਍ഀഀ
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<P>16) After compression a spheromak is immediately injected into the steel pressure vessel sphere.  The spherical liquid lead shell is formed within the steel pressure vessel by converging liquid lead projectiles. The inner face of this liquid lead shell is referred to herein as the liquid lead wall. The spheromak injection must occur before <BR>਍氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 漀戀猀琀爀甀挀琀猀 琀栀攀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀 椀渀樀攀挀琀椀漀渀 瀀愀琀栀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀㄀㜀⤀ 䄀渀漀琀栀攀爀 猀椀洀椀氀愀爀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀Ⰰ 昀漀爀洀攀搀 椀渀 愀渀漀琀栀攀爀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀 最攀渀攀爀愀琀漀爀⼀瀀氀愀猀洀愀 椀渀樀攀挀琀漀爀 椀猀 猀椀洀甀氀琀愀渀攀漀甀猀氀礀 椀渀樀攀挀琀攀搀 瘀椀愀 琀栀攀 漀瀀瀀漀猀椀琀攀 攀渀搀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀爀攀猀猀甀爀攀 瘀攀猀猀猀攀氀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
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<P>18) The two spheromaks are injected through <B>0.6 m</B> diameter axial ports into the top and bottom of a <B>4.4 m I.D.</B>, spherical <A HREF="GF Pressure Vessel.htm">pressure vessel</A>.  The O.D. of this spherical pressure vessel will be in the range <B>4.6 m</B> to <B>5.0 m</B> depending on the choice of materials and fittings.</P>਍ഀഀ
<P>19) The two spheromaks are of equal size and are magnetically oriented so that at the center of the spherical pressure vessel they merge into one larger and slightly more stable plasma known as a <B>Field Reversed Configuration (FRC)</B>. The toroidal magnetic components of the two compressed spheromaks approximately cancel so that the net magnetic field of the <B>FRC</B> is almost purely poloidal. This FRC has an initial total field energy of about <B>3000 J</B>.</P>਍ഀഀ
<P>20) The <B>0.6 m</B> diameter axial ports into the spherical steel pressure vessel are closed with rapid acting ball valves. These valves with <B>0.6 m</B> ports must move from fully open to fully closed in about <B>7 ms</B>. These valves must be fully closed at the instant of fusion ignition and must be able to withstand the sprays of liquid lead alloy resulting from the fusion energy pressure pulses.</P>਍ഀഀ
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<P>21) Around the spherical pressure vessel is a spherical array of <B>212</B> synchronized flywheel guns that fire <B>0.38 m</B> (15 inch) diameter liquid lead projectiles, about <B>5.2 mm</B> long on radially converging paths.  These guns are timed to fractional microsecond accuracy.  As the liquid lead projectile edges interact they  collectively form a  <A HREF="GF Reaction Chamber Formation.htm"> hollow spherical shell</A>, enclosing the FRC with radially converging liquid lead walls.  This shell has an initial inside diameter of about <B>2.9 m</B>.</P>਍ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀㈀㈀⤀ 吀栀攀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 瀀爀漀樀攀挀琀椀氀攀猀 挀愀甀猀攀 挀礀氀椀渀搀爀椀挀愀氀氀礀 猀礀洀洀攀琀爀椀挀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 爀愀搀椀愀氀氀礀 挀漀渀瘀攀爀最攀渀琀 挀漀洀瀀爀攀猀猀椀漀渀⸀  䤀琀 椀猀 攀猀猀攀渀琀椀愀氀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀⼀䘀刀䌀 氀椀昀攀琀椀洀攀 㰀䈀㸀吀猀㰀⼀䈀㸀 戀攀 氀漀渀最攀爀 琀栀愀渀 琀栀攀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 猀栀攀氀氀 昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 琀椀洀攀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
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<P>23) While the liquid lead shell is forming around the <B>FRC</B> the <B>FRC</B> must retain sufficient field energy, so that when the liquid lead shell is fully formed the <B>FRC</B> still has a remaining field energy of about <B>3000 J</B>.  At this point  the liquid lead shell is aabout <B>2.9 m</B> inside diameter with inside walls that have an initial negative radial velocity of:<BR>਍ 㰀䈀㸀⠀ⴀ搀刀 ⼀ 搀吀⤀ 㴀 ㌀　　 洀 ⼀ 猀㰀⼀䈀㸀⸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
It is assumed that during this process the spheromaks/FRC retain at least 50% of their initial field energy.</P>਍ഀഀ
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<P>24) The spheromaks/FRC do not contain enough deuterium ions to meet the fusion energy requirement. Hence, as soon as the liquid lead shell surface has formed additional deuterium-tritium gaseous fuel is injected into the liquid lead shell.  This fuel injection must occur in the time interval Td < T < Te while the liquid lead shell inside radius <B>Ri</B> satisfies:<BR>਍㰀䈀㸀㄀⸀㄀ 洀 㰀 刀椀 㰀 ㄀⸀㐀㔀 洀㰀⼀䈀㸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
in order for subsequent adiabatic compression of the random plasma to provide sufficient plasma heating to reach fusion conditions;</P>਍ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀㈀㔀⤀ 吀栀攀 攀渀攀爀最攀琀椀挀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀攀搀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀猀⼀䘀刀䌀 椀洀洀攀搀椀愀琀攀氀礀 椀洀瀀愀挀琀 椀漀渀椀稀攀 琀栀攀 椀渀樀攀挀琀攀搀 搀攀甀琀攀爀椀甀洀 最愀猀 愀渀搀 昀漀爀洀 愀 爀愀渀搀漀洀 搀攀甀琀攀爀椀甀洀 瀀氀愀猀洀愀 琀栀愀琀 愀戀猀漀爀戀猀 愀戀漀甀琀 㰀䈀㸀㌀　　　 䨀㰀⼀䈀㸀 漀昀 攀渀攀爀最礀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀⼀䘀刀䌀✀猀 攀氀攀挀琀爀椀挀 愀渀搀 洀愀最渀攀琀椀挀 昀椀攀氀搀猀⸀ഀഀ
This random plasma initially has high energy electrons and low energy ions.<BR>਍ 䰀攀琀 㰀䈀㸀一搀 䘀爀欀㰀⼀䈀㸀 戀攀 琀栀攀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 搀攀甀琀攀爀椀甀洀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 愀挀琀甀愀氀氀礀 爀攀愀挀琀 搀甀爀椀渀最 愀  昀甀猀椀漀渀 瀀甀氀猀攀⸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
 Let <B>Epulse</B> be the fusion energy release.<BR>਍ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀㈀㘀⤀ 䄀琀 ㈀㜀㌀ 搀攀最 䬀Ⰰ ㄀ 戀愀爀 琀栀攀 愀瀀瀀爀漀砀椀洀愀琀攀 瘀漀氀甀洀攀 漀昀 搀攀甀琀攀爀椀甀洀ⴀ琀爀椀琀椀甀洀 最愀猀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀搀 琀漀 戀攀 椀渀樀攀挀琀攀搀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀 挀栀愀洀戀攀爀 椀猀㨀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
 4.258 X 10^20 molecules X (22.4 lit / mole) / (6.023 X 10^23 molecules / mole)<BR>਍㴀 ㄀㔀⸀㠀㌀㘀 堀 ㄀　帀ⴀ㌀ 氀椀琀 㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
= <B>15.836 mL</B></P>਍ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
<P>27) The immediate result of the spheromaks/FRC energy discharge will be a random neutral plasma with relatively hot electrons and relatively cool ions. This neutral plasma will be surrounded by a plasma sheath depleted in electrons. The voltage drop across this sheath will be equal to the average hot electon energy so as to reduce the electron momentum to zero at the lead wall.</P> ਍ഀഀ
<P>28) Positive ions that diffuse from the neutral plasma into the plasma sheath will be electrically accelerated across the plasma sheath to the liquid lead wall where they will impact lead atoms and will bounce back into the neutral plasma with a high kinetic energy. By this means the ion temperature in the neutral plasma rises and the free electron kinetic energy falls.  It is high kinetic energy ions that trigger deuterium fusion reactions.</P>਍ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
<P>29) The plasma adopts the effective temperature set by the negative radial velocity of the reaction chamber inside liquid lead wall.  Then this negative radial velocity and hence the ion temperature rapidly increase as the contained volume enclosed by the liquid lead shell wall decreases.</P>਍ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
<P>30) The radial impact inertia of the liquid lead wall provides the energy that compresses and heats the plasma to fusion conditions.</P>਍ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀㌀㄀⤀ 吀栀攀 椀渀挀漀洀瀀爀攀猀猀椀戀椀氀椀琀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 愀戀漀瘀攀 椀琀猀 漀眀渀 猀瀀攀攀搀 漀昀 猀漀甀渀搀 椀渀 挀漀洀戀椀渀愀琀椀漀渀 眀椀琀栀 猀瀀栀攀爀椀挀愀氀 爀愀搀椀愀氀 挀漀渀瘀攀爀最攀渀挀攀 椀猀 甀猀攀搀 琀漀 椀渀挀爀攀愀猀攀 琀栀攀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 眀愀氀氀✀猀 椀渀眀愀爀搀 爀愀搀椀愀氀 瘀攀氀漀挀椀琀礀 愀猀 琀栀攀 搀椀愀洀攀琀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 栀漀氀氀漀眀 猀瀀愀挀攀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 琀栀攀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 猀瀀栀攀爀攀 搀攀挀爀攀愀猀攀猀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
 ਍ഀഀ
<P>32) The flywheel guns collectively provide about <B>65.5 MJ</B> of kinetic energy to the liquid lead, in the form of negative radial momentum, causing a high negative liquid lead reaction chamber radial wall velocity and hence a rapid decrease of the contained volume within the liquid lead reaction chamber.</P>਍ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀㌀㌀⤀ 吀栀攀 渀攀最愀琀椀瘀攀 爀愀搀椀愀氀 椀渀攀爀琀椀愀 漀昀 琀栀攀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 眀愀氀氀猀 挀愀甀猀攀猀 琀栀攀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 猀栀攀氀氀✀猀 椀渀猀椀搀攀 爀愀搀椀甀猀 㰀䈀㸀刀椀㰀⼀䈀㸀 愀渀搀 栀攀渀挀攀 琀栀攀 椀渀猀椀搀攀 瘀漀氀甀洀攀㨀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
 <B>(4 Pi Ri^3 / 3)</B><BR>਍ 琀漀 爀愀瀀椀搀氀礀 猀栀爀椀渀欀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀 ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
<P>34) The rapid inside radius shrinkage of the liquid lead shell causes <A HREF="GF Adiabatic Compression.htm">ADIABATIC COMPRESSION</A> of the random deuterium-tritium plasma by the high velocity <A HREF="GF Spherical CompressionA.htm">spherically convergent liquid lead shell wall</A> to a radius of <B>Rig = 7.54 mm </B> at which point D-T fusion reactions commence.</P>਍ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
<P>35) The liquid lead shell exists for about <B>4.83 ms</B> between initial shell closure and fusion ignition.</P>਍ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀㌀㘀⤀ 吀栀攀 栀椀最栀 洀愀猀猀 爀愀琀椀漀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 愀琀漀洀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 搀攀甀琀攀爀椀甀洀ⴀ琀爀椀琀椀甀洀 愀琀漀洀猀 琀漀最攀琀栀攀爀 眀椀琀栀 愀 栀椀最栀 渀攀最愀琀椀瘀攀 爀愀搀椀愀氀 瘀攀氀漀挀椀琀礀 洀愀欀攀猀 愀搀椀愀戀愀琀椀挀 挀漀洀瀀爀攀猀猀椀漀渀 漀昀 愀 爀愀渀搀漀洀 瀀氀愀猀洀愀 昀爀漀洀 愀渀 椀漀渀 欀椀渀攀琀椀挀 攀渀攀爀最礀 漀昀 㰀䈀㸀㌀⸀㔀 攀嘀㰀⼀䈀㸀 愀琀 刀椀 㴀 刀椀昀 琀漀 愀渀 椀漀渀 欀椀渀攀琀椀挀 攀渀攀爀最礀 漀昀 㰀䈀㸀縀 ㄀㈀　Ⰰ　　　 攀嘀㰀⼀䈀㸀 愀琀 刀椀 㴀 刀椀栀  瀀漀猀猀椀戀氀攀⸀  吀栀攀 猀瀀栀攀爀椀挀愀氀 爀愀搀椀愀氀氀礀 挀漀渀瘀攀爀最椀渀最 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 眀愀氀氀 瀀爀漀瘀椀搀攀猀 琀栀攀 瘀攀氀漀挀椀琀礀Ⰰ 洀漀洀攀渀琀甀洀 愀渀搀 欀椀渀攀琀椀挀 攀渀攀爀最礀 渀攀挀攀猀猀愀爀礀 琀漀 愀挀栀椀攀瘀攀 琀栀攀 瀀氀愀猀洀愀 椀漀渀 搀攀渀猀椀琀礀Ⰰ 椀漀渀 欀椀渀攀琀椀挀 攀渀攀爀最礀 愀渀搀 愀搀椀愀戀愀琀椀挀 挀漀渀昀椀渀攀洀攀渀琀 琀椀洀攀 琀栀愀琀 愀爀攀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀搀 昀漀爀 搀攀甀琀攀爀椀甀洀ⴀ琀爀椀琀椀甀洀 昀甀猀椀漀渀⸀ 㰀⼀倀㸀  ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
<P>37) The resulting fusion energy release is violent.   The fusion energy pressure pulse must be safely contained. The inner portion of the liquid lead wall will vaporize due to high energy alpha particle impacts and x-ray absorption and will expand radially causing a radial spray of the outer liquid lead.  The lead vapor ultimately condenses via x-ray and thermal contact energy exchange with circulating liquid lead coolant which cools the inner walls of the spherical pressure vessel.  The neutrons dissipate heat throughout the liquid lead.</P>਍ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀㌀㠀⤀ 吀栀攀 栀漀琀 氀攀愀搀 瘀愀瀀漀爀 洀甀猀琀 戀攀 挀漀漀氀攀搀 愀渀搀 挀漀渀搀攀渀猀攀搀⸀  吀栀攀 甀渀爀攀愀挀琀攀搀 䐀䐀Ⰰ 䐀吀 愀渀搀 吀吀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 䠀攀ⴀ㐀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀猀 洀甀猀琀 戀攀 攀砀琀爀愀挀琀攀搀Ⰰ 猀攀瀀愀爀愀琀攀搀 愀渀搀 爀攀挀礀挀氀攀搀⸀ 吀栀攀 栀攀愀琀 搀甀攀 琀漀 栀椀最栀 攀渀攀爀最礀 渀攀甀琀爀漀渀 猀挀愀琀琀攀爀椀渀最 洀甀猀琀 戀攀 爀攀洀漀瘀攀搀 愀渀搀 甀猀攀搀 昀漀爀 攀氀攀挀琀爀椀挀椀琀礀 最攀渀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀⸀ 吀栀攀 栀攀愀琀 椀猀 爀攀洀漀瘀攀搀 戀礀 瀀甀洀瀀椀渀最 琀栀攀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 愀渀 椀猀漀氀愀琀攀搀 栀攀愀琀 攀砀挀栀愀渀最攀爀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
<P>39) The liquid lead converts both neutron and alpha particle kinetic energy into sensible heat, acts as a partial gamma ray shield and acts as a heat transport fluid. The hot liquid lead, which carries with it various radioactive substances is pumped through a liquid sodium isolated heat exchanger to safely produce hot steam and hence electricity via a two stage steam turbo-generator.</P>਍ഀഀ
<P>41) When the pressure in the spherical pressure vessel has decayed the <B>0.6 m</B> diameter axial port ball valves on the spherical pressure vessel are opened, which enables vacuum extraction of unreacted gas and fusion reaction products.</P>਍ഀഀ
P>42) The gun barrels are then drained in preparation for the next firing cycle.</P>਍ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀㐀㌀⤀ 吀栀攀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 最甀渀 椀渀樀攀挀琀漀爀猀 愀爀攀 琀栀攀渀 爀攀氀漀愀搀攀搀 椀渀 瀀爀攀瀀愀爀愀琀椀漀渀 昀漀爀 琀爀椀最最攀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 渀攀砀琀 昀甀猀椀漀渀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀⸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
&nbsp;</P>਍ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀㰀䈀㸀倀䤀䘀 䤀䴀倀䰀䔀䴀䔀一吀䄀吀䤀伀一 䐀䔀吀䄀䤀䰀匀㨀㰀⼀䈀㸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
In each flywheel gun the liquid lead, which is in a high vacuum, is injected via a piston arrangement and then is accelerated by centrifugal force.</P>਍ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀 吀栀攀 琀攀洀瀀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 最甀渀 戀愀爀爀攀氀猀 椀猀 挀漀渀琀爀漀氀氀攀搀 琀漀 愀 猀攀琀瀀漀椀渀琀 猀甀昀昀椀挀椀攀渀琀氀礀 愀戀漀瘀攀 琀栀攀 洀攀氀琀椀渀最 瀀漀椀渀琀 漀昀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 愀氀氀漀礀 琀漀 洀椀渀椀洀椀稀攀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 挀漀渀搀攀渀猀愀琀椀漀渀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 琀栀攀 最甀渀 戀愀爀爀攀氀 眀栀椀氀攀 洀愀椀渀琀愀椀渀椀渀最 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 猀甀爀昀愀挀攀 琀攀渀猀椀漀渀⸀  吀栀椀猀 琀攀洀瀀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀 椀猀 琀栀攀 栀攀愀琀 攀砀挀栀愀渀最攀爀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 搀椀猀挀栀愀爀最攀 琀攀洀瀀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
<P>Due to the axial spheromak insertion ports in the spherical pressure vessel there are no gun barrels directly on the sphere axis.  To form the liquid lead sphere pole caps liquid lead is propelled from four smaller guns, each aimed at an angle to the polar radial path.  In order to maintain the required spherical radial velocity component the muzzle velocity of these smaller near polar guns must be higher than the muzzle velocity of the other guns.  Hence the near polar gun barrels may have to be be longer than the other gun barrels.  The net liquid lead tangential momentum from these four smaller guns is zero.<BR>਍☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
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਍㰀倀㸀㰀匀䴀䄀䰀䰀㸀吀栀椀猀 眀攀戀 瀀愀最攀 氀愀猀琀 甀瀀搀愀琀攀搀 䄀瀀爀椀氀 ㌀Ⰰ ㈀　㄀㔀⸀㰀⼀匀䴀䄀䰀䰀㸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍㰀⼀䘀伀一吀㸀ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀ഀഀ
<TABLE BGCOLOR="#EEDDDD" ALIGN="left" CELLSPACING="2" CELLPADDING="10">਍㰀吀刀㸀㰀吀䠀㸀㰀䄀 䠀刀䔀䘀㴀∀椀渀搀攀砀⸀栀琀洀⌀栀漀洀攀瀀愀最攀∀㸀䠀漀洀攀㰀⼀䄀㸀㰀⼀吀䠀㸀ഀഀ
<TH><A HREF="Energy Contents.htm">Energy</A></TH>਍㰀吀䠀㸀㰀䄀 䠀刀䔀䘀㴀∀䴀椀挀爀漀 䘀甀猀椀漀渀 䌀漀渀琀攀渀琀猀⸀栀琀洀∀㸀一甀挀氀攀愀爀㰀⼀䄀㸀㰀⼀吀䠀㸀ഀഀ
<TH><A HREF="Electricity Contents.htm">Electricity</A></TH>਍㰀吀䠀㸀㰀䄀 䠀刀䔀䘀㴀∀䌀氀椀洀愀琀攀 䌀漀渀琀攀渀琀猀⸀栀琀洀∀㸀䌀氀椀洀愀琀攀 䌀栀愀渀最攀㰀⼀䄀㸀㰀⼀吀䠀㸀ഀഀ
<TH><A HREF="Lighting Contents.htm">Lighting Control</A></TH>਍㰀吀䠀㸀㰀䄀 䠀刀䔀䘀㴀∀挀漀渀琀愀挀琀猀⸀栀琀洀⌀挀漀渀琀愀挀琀猀∀㸀䌀漀渀琀愀挀琀猀㰀⼀䄀㸀㰀⼀吀䠀㸀   ഀഀ
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